{"id":1757,"date":"2018-09-02T19:32:12","date_gmt":"2018-09-02T17:32:12","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/cke.cz\/?p=1757"},"modified":"2018-09-02T19:33:27","modified_gmt":"2018-09-02T17:33:27","slug":"predators-and-parasitoids-of-the-harlequin-ladybird-harmonia-axyridis-in-its-native-range-and-invaded-areas","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"http:\/\/cke.cz\/cs_CZ\/2018\/09\/02\/predators-and-parasitoids-of-the-harlequin-ladybird-harmonia-axyridis-in-its-native-range-and-invaded-areas\/","title":{"rendered":"Predators and parasitoids of the harlequin ladybird, Harmonia axyridis, in its native range and invaded areas"},"content":{"rendered":"<h2>2018<\/h2>\n<h4>Piotr Ceryngier, Old\u0159ich Nedv\u011bd, Audrey A. Grez, Eric W. Riddick, Helen E. Roy, Gilles San Martin, Tove Steenberg,\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/cke.cz\/2017\/05\/30\/petr-vesely\/\">Petr Vesel\u00fd<\/a>, Tania Zaviezo, \u00c1lvaro Z\u00faniga-Reinoso, Danny Haelewaters<\/h4>\n<h3><a href=\"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007%2Fs10530-017-1608-9\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">DOI: 10.1007\/s10530-017-1608-9<\/a><\/h3>\n<hr \/>\n<p><em><strong>Abstrakt:<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n<p>The harlequin ladybird <em>Harmonia axyridis<\/em> (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) has rapidly spread in several continents over the past 30 years and is considered an invasive alien species. The success of <em>H. axyridis<\/em> as an invader is often attributed to weak control by natural enemies. In this paper, we provide an overview of current knowledge on predators and parasitoids of <em>H. axyridis<\/em>. The common feature of predators and parasitoids is that they directly kill exploited organisms. Currently available data show<br \/>\nthat <em>H. axyridis<\/em>, displaying a variety of chemical, mechanical, and microbiological anti-predator defenses, is usually avoided by predators. However, some birds and invertebrates can eat this ladybird without harmful consequences. The primary defenses of <em>H. axyridis<\/em> against parasitoids include immune response and physiological and nutritional unsuitability for parasitoid development. These defenses are probably relatively efficient against most ladybird parasitoids, but not against flies of the genus\u00a0Phalacrotophora. The latter are idiobiont parasitoids and hence can evade the host\u2019s immune response. Indeed, rates of parasitism of <em>H. axyridis<\/em> by Phalacrotophora<br \/>\nin the Palaearctic region (both in the native range in Asia and in Europe) are relatively high. While strong evidence for enemy release on the invasive populations of<em> H. axyridis<\/em> is lacking, several cases of parasitoid acquisition have been recorded in<br \/>\nEurope, North America, and South America. We conclude that enemy release cannot be excluded as a possible mechanism contributing to the spread and increase of <em>H. axyridis<\/em> in the early stages of invasion, but adaptation of parasitoids may lead to novel<br \/>\nassociations which might offset previous effects of enemy release. However, further work is required to elucidate the population-level effects of such interactions.<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<h2>Zp\u011bt na\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/cke.cz\/publication\/scientific-papers\/\">v\u011bdeck\u00e9 \u010dl\u00e1nky<\/a>.<\/h2>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<h2>2018<\/h2>\n<h4>Piotr Ceryngier, Old\u0159ich Nedv\u011bd, Audrey A. Grez, Eric W. Riddick, Helen E. Roy, Gilles San Martin, Tove Steenberg,\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/cke.cz\/2017\/05\/30\/petr-vesely\/\">Petr Vesel\u00fd<\/a>, Tania Zaviezo, \u00c1lvaro Z\u00faniga-Reinoso, Danny Haelewa&#8230;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[18],"tags":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"http:\/\/cke.cz\/cs_CZ\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1757"}],"collection":[{"href":"http:\/\/cke.cz\/cs_CZ\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"http:\/\/cke.cz\/cs_CZ\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/cke.cz\/cs_CZ\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/cke.cz\/cs_CZ\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1757"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"http:\/\/cke.cz\/cs_CZ\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1757\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1760,"href":"http:\/\/cke.cz\/cs_CZ\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1757\/revisions\/1760"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"http:\/\/cke.cz\/cs_CZ\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1757"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/cke.cz\/cs_CZ\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1757"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/cke.cz\/cs_CZ\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1757"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}