{"id":218,"date":"2017-05-16T15:21:00","date_gmt":"2017-05-16T13:21:00","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/cke.cz\/?page_id=218"},"modified":"2021-01-18T10:45:36","modified_gmt":"2021-01-18T09:45:36","slug":"bioacustics","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"http:\/\/cke.cz\/cs_CZ\/research\/bioacustics\/","title":{"rendered":"Bioakustika"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><strong>Bioakustika<\/strong> nahl\u00ed\u017e\u00ed na \u017eivo\u010dichy trochu jin\u00fdm a pro n\u011bkoho mo\u017en\u00e1 a\u017e nezvykl\u00fdm zp\u016fsobem. Zkoum\u00e1 chov\u00e1n\u00ed zv\u00ed\u0159at pomoc\u00ed jejich vok\u00e1ln\u00ed komunikace, evolu\u010dn\u00ed zm\u011bny pomoc\u00ed podobnosti \u010di nepodobnosti hlas\u016f p\u0159\u00edbuzn\u00fdch druh\u016f \u010di jejich hybrid\u016f, dlouhodob\u00e9 ale i kr\u00e1tkodob\u00e9 druhov\u00e9 slo\u017een\u00ed \u017eivo\u010dich\u016f ob\u00fdvaj\u00edc\u00ed r\u016fzn\u00e9 biotopy a jejich zm\u011bny pomoc\u00ed jejich vok\u00e1ln\u00edch projev\u016f. Hlasy a vokalizace \u017eivo\u010dich\u016f se staly objekty z\u00e1jmu, s\u00a0jejich\u017e pomoc\u00ed se dov\u00edd\u00e1me v\u00edce o tajn\u00e9m \u017eivot\u011b vz\u00e1cn\u00fdch, skryt\u011b \u017eij\u00edc\u00edch nebo no\u010dn\u00edch druh\u016f. Vd\u011b\u010dn\u00e9 modelov\u00e9 organismy jsou samoz\u0159ejm\u011b ty v\u00a0p\u0159\u00edrod\u011b nejukecan\u011bj\u0161\u00ed jako nap\u0159. rovnok\u0159\u00eddl\u00ed, \u017e\u00e1by a pt\u00e1ci. Nicm\u00e9n\u011b modern\u011bj\u0161\u00ed p\u0159\u00edstroje dovoluj\u00ed odhalovat i takov\u00e9 obskurnosti, jako je pisklav\u00e9 antipreda\u010dn\u00ed chov\u00e1n\u00ed housenek nebo detailn\u00ed principy echolokace nejen ve vztahu pred\u00e1tor ko\u0159ist ale i naopak. <strong>Pta\u010d\u00ed zp\u011bv<\/strong> fascinoval lidstvo od prad\u00e1vna a nen\u00ed tak p\u0159ekvapiv\u00e9, \u017ee podstatn\u00e1 \u010d\u00e1st bioakustick\u00e9ho v\u00fdzkumu, v\u010detn\u011b toho na\u0161eho na <strong>Centru kognitivn\u00ed etologie<\/strong>, se zab\u00fdv\u00e1 pr\u00e1v\u011b pta\u010d\u00edm zp\u011bvem. T\u00e9mat, kter\u00fdmi se m\u016f\u017eeme p\u0159i studiu pta\u010d\u00edch zp\u011bv\u016f zab\u00fdvat, je cel\u00e1 \u0159ada.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Komunikace<\/strong> mezi jedinci (rodi\u010d \u2013 ml\u00e1d\u011b, sourozenci, partne\u0159i \u2013 n\u00e1mluvy, rivalov\u00e9 \u2013 teritori\u00e1ln\u00ed zp\u011bvy a obrana teritoria, sousedsk\u00e9 vztahy, hn\u00edzdn\u00ed kolonie, \u2026)<\/li>\n<li>Schopnosti <strong>rozpozn\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed hlas\u016f<\/strong> konspecifick\u00fdch, tedy vlastn\u00edho druhu, od dob\u0159e zn\u00e1m\u00fdch (soused\u016f) i nezn\u00e1m\u00fdch jedinc\u016f. Nebo naopak rozpozn\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed hlas\u016f heterospecifick\u00fdch \u2013 bl\u00edzce p\u0159\u00edbuzn\u00fdch druh\u016f ale i nep\u0159\u00edbuzn\u00fdch druh\u016f nap\u0159. pred\u00e1tor\u016f.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Reperto\u00e1r<\/strong> neboli variabilita jednotliv\u00fdch slabik zp\u011bvu je u mnoha druh\u016f d\u016fkladn\u011b prob\u00e1d\u00e1na. Nicm\u00e9n\u011b detailn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed v\u00fdzkumy reperto\u00e1r\u016f, zejm\u00e9na u p\u011bvc\u016f, odhaluj\u00ed jeho d\u016fle\u017eit\u00fd v\u00fdznam v\u00a0<strong>individualit\u011b<\/strong> (individu\u00e1ln\u00ed slabiky, song typy) nebo p\u0159\u00edslu\u0161nosti jedince k\u00a0n\u011bjak\u00e9 geografick\u00e9 oblasti (<strong>dialekty<\/strong>).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Ekoakustika<\/strong><br \/>\nV\u00a0sou\u010dasnosti se s\u00a0rozvojem modern\u00edch technologi\u00ed klasick\u00e1 bioakustika roz\u0161i\u0159uje o dal\u0161\u00ed obory jako nap\u0159\u00edklad <strong>ekoakustika<\/strong> a <strong>akustick\u00fd monitoring vokalizuj\u00edc\u00edch druh\u016f<\/strong>. Oproti bioakustice klasick\u00e9ho typu se li\u0161\u00ed metodikou a t\u00e9maty v\u00fdzkumu. K\u00a0nahr\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1me automatick\u00e9 nahr\u00e1vac\u00ed jednotky (nahr\u00e1va\u010de), kter\u00e9 nahr\u00e1vaj\u00ed v\u00a0p\u0159\u00edrod\u011b bez lidsk\u00e9 p\u0159\u00edtomnosti a funguj\u00ed tak podobn\u011b jako dnes u\u017e dob\u0159e zn\u00e1m\u00e9 fotopasti. D\u00edky nim se da\u0159\u00ed objevovat a monitorovat druhy vz\u00e1cn\u00e9, s\u00a0no\u010dn\u00ed aktivitou nebo druhy plach\u00e9, kter\u00e9 je obt\u00ed\u017en\u00e9 odchytit a ozna\u010dit vizu\u00e1ln\u00edm zna\u010den\u00edm. Jedn\u00e1 se o velmi mlad\u00e9 odv\u011btv\u00ed bioakustiky, a to p\u0159in\u00e1\u0161\u00ed i nejr\u016fzn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed \u00faskal\u00ed. Samotn\u00e1 metoda se neust\u00e1le vyv\u00edj\u00ed a spole\u010dn\u011b s\u00a0informatiky a in\u017een\u00fdry se tak m\u016f\u017eeme p\u0159\u00edmo zapojit do v\u00fdvoje nov\u00fdch elektronick\u00fdch nahr\u00e1va\u010d\u016f a softwaru na zpracov\u00e1n\u00ed takto po\u0159\u00edzen\u00fdch nahr\u00e1vek. Doch\u00e1z\u00ed tak k\u00a0unik\u00e1tn\u00ed spolupr\u00e1ci mezi biology a techniky, d\u00edky kter\u00e9 se da\u0159\u00ed posouvat hranice ekoakustick\u00fdch mo\u017enost\u00ed t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 z\u00e1vratnou rychlost\u00ed. U\u017e nyn\u00ed m\u016f\u017eeme vyzkou\u0161et n\u011bkter\u00e9 mobiln\u00ed aplikace na rozpozn\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed nahran\u00fdch pt\u00e1k\u016f. P\u0159edstava je\u0161t\u011b p\u0159ed 10 lety pouze sci-fi rom\u00e1n\u016f a pokrokov\u00fdch vizion\u00e1\u0159\u016f. Jejich dokonalost v\u0161ak neust\u00e1le nar\u00e1\u017e\u00ed na probl\u00e9my geografick\u00e9 variability a individuality ve vokalizaci jednotliv\u00fdch druh\u016f.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Na v\u00fdzkumu tohoto t\u00e9matu se pod\u00edlej\u00ed:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/cke.cz\/2017\/05\/31\/sasa-pruchova\/\">Alexandra Pr\u016fchov\u00e1<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/cke.cz\/2021\/01\/18\/pavel-linhart\/\">Pavel Linhart<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Lucie Horn\u00e1tov\u00e1<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p><strong>Bioakustika<\/strong> nahl\u00ed\u017e\u00ed na \u017eivo\u010dichy trochu jin\u00fdm a pro n\u011bkoho mo\u017en\u00e1 a\u017e nezvykl\u00fdm zp\u016fsobem. Zkoum\u00e1 chov\u00e1n\u00ed zv\u00ed\u0159at pomoc\u00ed jejich vok\u00e1ln\u00ed komunikace, evolu\u010dn\u00ed zm\u011bny pomoc\u00ed podobnosti \u010di nepodobnosti hlas\u016f p\u0159\u00edbuzn\u00fdch druh\u016f \u010di jejich hybrid\u016f&#8230;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":1489,"parent":2,"menu_order":4,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"sidebar-page.php","meta":{"footnotes":""},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"http:\/\/cke.cz\/cs_CZ\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/218"}],"collection":[{"href":"http:\/\/cke.cz\/cs_CZ\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"http:\/\/cke.cz\/cs_CZ\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/cke.cz\/cs_CZ\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/cke.cz\/cs_CZ\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=218"}],"version-history":[{"count":15,"href":"http:\/\/cke.cz\/cs_CZ\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/218\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":2450,"href":"http:\/\/cke.cz\/cs_CZ\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/218\/revisions\/2450"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/cke.cz\/cs_CZ\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/2"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/cke.cz\/cs_CZ\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/1489"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"http:\/\/cke.cz\/cs_CZ\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=218"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}